Hi, I’m Avinto, and in this section, we’ll look at Transistors—one of the most important components in modern electronics. We’ll explore how pnp and npn junctions work and their modes of operation. You’ll learn how to interpret transistor characteristics, calculate amplification and power gain, and assess how temperature affects transistor performance. Additionally, we’ll cover the design and construction of basic transistor switching circuits, which are fundamental in digital electronics and signal processing.